THE CALIPHATE
ITS RISE, DECLINE, AND FALL
FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES
BY
WILLIAM MUIR, K.C.S.I.
LL.D., D.C.L., PH.D (BOLOGNA)
A NEW AND REVISED EDITION BY
T. H. WEIR, M.A., D.D. (ABERDEEN)
Lecturer in Arabic in the University of Glasgow.
Author of "Arabic Prose Composition"
"Variants in the Gospel Reports"
EDINBURGH: JOHN GRANT
31 GEORGE IV BRIDGE
1924
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER I
11 A.H.Death of MohammadElection of Abu Bekr'Omar, 'Ali, Abu 'Obeida
CHAPTER II
Expedition of Usama to Syrian border
CHAPTER III
Attack of Bedawin on Medina; repelled by Abu Bekr
CHAPTER IV
Return of UsamaBedawin chastisedExpeditions organized against apostate tribes
CHAPTER V
Khalid's Arabian campaignToleihaBattle of Al-Buzakha'OyeinaMalik ibn NuweiraAl-YemamaMuseilimaGarden of Death
CHAPTER VI
Apostasy crushedAl-Bahrein, 'Oman, The Hijaz, Ibn Ma'dikerib, Al-Ash'athFreebooter burned to death
CHAPTER VII
ReviewReclaimed tribes at first sullenEnthusiasm kindled by Syrian and Chaldaean campaignsArabs become aristocracy of the worldArab slaves set free
CHAPTER VIII
12 A.H.Al-Muthanna’s campaign in Al-'IrakJoined by KhalidBattle of ChainsRiver of BloodAl-Hira capitulates'Ain at-TamrDuma stormedAl-FiradKhalid’s incognito pilgrimage
CHAPTER IX
12-13 A.H.Syrian campaignBattle of Ajnadain Capitulation of Fihl
CHAPTER X
Al-'IrakBattle of BabylonAl-Muthanna’s appeal for reinforcements
CHAPTER XI
13 A.H.Abu Bekr's death'Omar nominated by him Caliph
CHAPTER XII
13-14 A.H.'Omar's accessionReinforcements for Al-'IrakRustemBattle of the BridgeAbu 'Obeid's defeatBattle of Al-BuweibDeath of Al-Muthanna
CHAPTER XIII
14 A.H.SyriaFall of Damascus
CHAPTER XIV
Al-'IrakFresh leviesSa'dYezdejirdRustem’s advanceBattle of Al-KadisiyaDiscomfiture of Persian army
CHAPTER XV
15-16 A.H.Al-Hira reoccupiedFall of Al-Medain
CHAPTER XVI
16 A.H.Battle of Jalula'Omar forbids advanceAl-Kufa and Al-BasraLand settlement of Al-'Irak
CHAPTER XVII
15 A.H.Northern Syria, Hims, AntiochHeraclius retiresBattle of the Yarmuk
CHAPTER XVIII
Jerusalem submits to 'OmarHis visitOrdinance of 'Omar
CHAPTER XIX
17 A.H.Northern Syria and MesopotamiaAttack by Greeks and BedawinBeni 'Iyad and TaghubFall of CaesareaKhalid's trial and deposition
CHAPTER XX
14-15 A.H.Jews and Christians expelled from ArabiaRegister of Arab tribesCivil and military administrationKor'an "collected"
CHAPTER XXI
18 A.H.FaminePlague'Omar visits SyriaMu'awiyaBilal
CHAPTER XXII
19-20 A.H.Conquest of EgyptAlexandria
CHAPTER XXIII
16-20 A.H.Southern PersiaSusTomb of DanielAl-Hormuzan
CHAPTER XXIV
21-22 A.H.Conquest of PersiaBattle of NihavendFlight of Yezdejird
CHAPTER XXV
17-23 A.H.Domestic eventsCourt of Ka'ba enlargedAl-Moghira's trialAl-KufaAl-BasraEra of HijraLaxity of morals'Omar's simple life
CHAPTER XXVI
23 A.H.Death of 'OmarAppointment of Electors
CHAPTER XXVII
23-24 A.H.'OthmanMurder of Al-Hormuzan
CHAPTER XXVIII
24-35 A.H.Arabs and KoreishHashimites and UmeiyadsCampaigns in East and WestNaval victory
CHAPTER XXIX
30-34 A.H.Unpopularity of 'OthmanDiscontent at Al-Kufa and Al-BasraRecension of Kor'anAbu DharrOther causesNaila
CHAPTER XXX
33-34 A.H.Growing disaffectionOutbreak at Al-Kufa'Ali warns 'Othman
CHAPTER XXXI
34-35 A.H.Outlook darkensConference of GovernorsMu'awiya's help declined
CHAPTER XXXII
35 A.H.Conspirators attack MedinaPalace besieged'Othman slain
CHAPTER XXXIII
35-36 A.H.Election of 'AliExcitement at DamascusWar proclaimed against Mu'awiya
CHAPTER XXXIV
36 A.H.'Aisha at MeccaJoined by Talha and Az-ZubeirThey seize Al-Basra
CHAPTER XXXV
'Ali's advance on Al-BasraBattle of the CamelTalha and Az-Zubeir killed'Aisha retires to Medina
CHAPTER XXXVI
Al-Kufa seat of GovernmentEgyptMu'awiya at Damascus threatens regicides
CHAPTER XXXVII
36-37 A.H.Hostilities between 'Ali and Mu'awiyaBattle of SiffinArbitrationAbu Musa and 'Amr, Umpires
CHAPTER XXXVIII
37 A.H.Khawarij rebel against 'AliYield to him
CHAPTER XXXIX
Decision of UmpiresMu'awiya Caliph at Damascus
CHAPTER XL
'Ali marches against Mu'awiyaRecalled by Khariji outbreakBattle of NahrawanKhawarij
CHAPTER XLI
38 A.H.'Amr takes Egypt for Mu'awiya
CHAPTER XLII
38-40 A.H.Khariji risingsZiyadTreaty between 'Ali and Mu'awiya
CHAPTER XLIII
40 A.H.Khariji conspiracy'Ali assassinatedMu'awiya escapes
CHAPTER XLIV
40-41 A.H.Al-HasanAbdicated in favour of Mu'awiyaDeath of Al-Hasan
CHAPTER XLV
40-60 A.H.Mu'awiya sole CaliphDeath of 'Amr and Al-MoghiraZiyadAfrica; KairawanAttack on ConstantinopleMohammad's pulpit
CHAPTER XLVI
56 A.H.Yezid declared Heir-apparentForms a precedentYezid's Bedawi mother
CHAPTER XLVII
60-61 A.H.YezidIbn az-Zubeir at MeccaAl-Hosein marches on Al-KufaTragedy of KerbalaDeath of Al-HoseinThe Moharram
CHAPTER XLIII
61-64 A.H.'Alid reactionIbn az-Zubeir affects CaliphateMecca besiegedDeath of Yezid
CHAPTER XLIX
64-73 A.H.Mu'awiya II.Merwan'Abd al-MelikTribal hostilitiesAl-Mukhtar seizes Al-KufaSlays "Murderers" of Al-HoseinMus'ab beatenAl-Kufa gainedAl-Hajjaj storms MeccaIbn az-Zubeir's death
CHAPTER L
73-86 A.H.'Abd al-Melik (continued)Al-HajjajAzarikaAl-MuhallabIbn al-Ash'athWasitMintIbn Khazim
CHAPTER LI
86-96 A.H.Al-Welid'Omar at MedinaDeath of Al-HajjajKoteibaKhorasanAl-MultanIndiaAfricaSpainFall of MusaGlory of Al-Welid
CHAPTER LII
96-99 A.H.SuleimanKhorasanKoteiba's rebellionYezid, son of Al-MuhallabAttack on Constantinople
CHAPTER LIII
99-101 A.H.'Omar II.Fall of YezidEfforts at conversion
CHAPTER LIV
101-105 A.H.Yezid II.Rebellion of Yezid, son of Al-MuhallabNarbonneHashimite canvassCollectors of tradition
CHAPTER LV
105-125 A.H.HishamHashimites; 'Alids and 'AbbasidsAl-KufaYusufZeidCentral AsiaIndiaArmeniaAfricaFranceCharles MartelJust reign
CHAPTER LVI
125-126 A.H.Al-Welid II.Yezid III.KhorasanNasr'Abbasid canvassMerwan's advanceCompromiseDeath of Yezid III.
CHAPTER LVII
126-130 A.H.IbrahimMerwan II.Ibn Mu'awiyaSuleiman Ad-DahhakKhawarijSpain slips from Caliphate
CHAPTER LVIII
64-130 A.H.The Arab tribal feuds in Khorasan
CHAPTER LIX
130-132 A.H.Merwan II. (continued)'Abbasids in KhorasanAbu MuslimNasr's flightAl-Kufa taken by 'AbbasidsBattle of ZabMerwan's death
CHAPTER LX
132-656 A.H.'Abbasid DynastyGeneral features
CHAPTER LXI
132-136 A.H.Abu'l-'AbbasHashimiyaPersecution of UmeiyadsIbn HubeiraAbu Muslim’s pilgrimage
CHAPTER LXII
136-158 A.H.Abu Ja'far al-MansurAbu Muslim put to deathRawendiyaKhorasan, Al-MehdiIbrahim’s rebellionBagdadUmeiyads in SpainBarmekisPilgrimageLiterature
CHAPTER LXIII
158-169 A.H.Al-MehdiGrowing laxityManichaeansWar with Greece
CHAPTER LXIV
169-193 A.H.Al-HadiHarun ar-RashidNicephorusFall of BarmekisHarun dies at TusGlory of his reign
CHAPTER LXV
193-198 A.H.Al-AminAl-Ma'munBagdad besiegedTahir and HarthamaDeath of Al-Amin
CHAPTER LXVI
198-218 A.H.Al-Ma'mun (continued)'Alid predilectionsBagdad revolts'Ali ar-RidaIbrahim rival CaliphAl-Ma'mun at BagdadTahiridsBabekHeterodoxyBrilliant reign
CHAPTER LXVII
218-232 A.H.Al-Mo'tasimTurkish soldierySamarraBebekAmorionAl-Wathik HeterodoxyAhmed the Martyr
CHAPTER LXVIII
232-247 A.H.Al-MutawakkilReturn to OrthodoxyOrdinance against Jews and ChristiansSaffaridsAssassination
CHAPTER LXIX
247-256 A.H.Al-MuntasirAl-Musta'inRebellionSiege of BagdadAl-Mo'tazzWasif and BoghaAhmed ibn TulunAl-MohtadiRiot at Bagdad
CHAPTER LXX
256-279 A.H.Al-Mo'tamid and Al-MuwaffakZenj rebellionSaffaridsTulunid Dynasty
CHAPTER LXXI
279-295 A.H.Al-Mo'tadidAl-MuktafiEgyptWar with Greeks
CHAPTER LXXII
Ismailians and CarmathiansFatimid DynastyDrusesAssassins
CHAPTER LXXIII
295-329 A.H.Al-MuktadirAl-KahirAr-Radi
CHAPTER LXXIV
329-344 A.H.Al-MuttakiHamdan ChiefsIkshididsAl-MustakfiBuweihids
CHAPTER LXXV
334-447 A.H.Buweihid DynastyAl-Muti', At-Tai', Al-Kadir, and Al-Kaim, Caliphs
CHAPTER LXXVI
447-575 A.H.Bagdad under SeljuksToghril BegAl-Muktadi and four following CaliphsCrusadesCapture of JerusalemEnd of Fatimids
CHAPTER LXXVII
575-640 A.H.An-Nasir, his Son and GrandsonKhwarizm ShahJenghiz Khan
CHAPTER LXXVIII
640-656 A.H.Al-Musta'sim, last of the CaliphsHulagu takes BagdadCaliph put to deathEnd of 'Abbasid Dynasty
CHAPTER LXXIX
659-926 A.H.Spurious Caliphate under Memluk Kings of EgyptOsmanli Conquest
REVIEW
BIBLIOGRAPHY