回族佛教 发表于 2011-7-7 19:42:04

巴利語字母表及发音

<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><b>巴利語字母表</b></font></p>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">母 音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">子 音</font></font></p></td></tr>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">短</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">音</font></font></p></td>
<td width="136" rowSpan="2" colSpan="3">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">長</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">硬 音</font></font></p></td>
<td width="226" colSpan="5">
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">軟 音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">硬</font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">音</font></font></p></td></tr>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">無</font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">氣</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">送</font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">氣</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">無</font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">氣</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">送</font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">氣</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">鼻</font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">音</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45"></td></tr>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">喉 音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">à</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left">
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<td><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#000000">e</font></font> </td></tr></tbody></table><p></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">o</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">k</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">kh</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">g</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">gh</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">&iuml;</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45"></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">h</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45" rowSpan="3"></td></tr>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">口蓋音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">i</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">&atilde;</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45"></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">c</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">ch</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">j</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">jh</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">¤</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45" rowSpan="3">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">ü</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">or</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">§</font></font></p></td>
<td width="45">
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">y</font></font></p></td></tr>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">反舌音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">&ntilde;</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">&ntilde;h</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">ó</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">óh</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">&otilde;</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">r &euml;</font></font></p></td></tr>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000">齒<font face="Times New Roman"> 音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">t</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">th</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">d</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">dh</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">n</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">l</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">s</font></font></p></td></tr>
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<p align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">唇 音</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">u</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">&aring;</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">p</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">ph</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">b</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">bh</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">m</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">v</font></font></p></td>
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<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><b>注：</b></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">五群的子音之中，有硬音、軟音、鼻音。硬音和軟音又各有無氣音和送氣音。送氣音的發音是在無氣音</font>後再<font face="Times New Roman">加上「h」。例如：khandha = (khan) + (dha)</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">「&iuml;」不能單獨存在，它在子音「k」、「kh」、「g」和「gh」四音前，用作鼻音。例如：sa&iuml;gha = ( sa&iuml; ) + ( gha)</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">「¤」在「c」、「ch」、「j」、「jh」和「¤」的子音前用做鼻音，也單獨成為「¤a」、「¤u」、「¤o」等音。</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">「&ntilde;」群是反舌音，將舌尖放在口蓋的頂上而發出「t」、「th」、「d」、「dh」、「n」。</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">「&otilde;」在「&ntilde;」、「&ntilde;h」、「ó」和「óh」之前，也被用為鼻音，或當作單獨音，但「&otilde;」音</font>不會<font face="Times New Roman">置於語首。單獨音的「&otilde;」，是「n」音之前為「r」和「&ntilde;」群等反舌音時，受到此反舌的影響，而變成「&otilde;」音的。</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">「t」群屬於齒音，是將舌端置於上顎前面牙齒的齒根而發出的聲音，</font>近於<font face="Times New Roman">英語所發音的t、d、n等。</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">「p」群屬於唇音，是從閉著的上下唇之間發出來的聲音，</font>近似於<font face="Times New Roman">英語的p、b、m等。</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">其次，在非群子音中的「y」、「r」、「l」、「s」和「h」的發音同於英語。「&euml;」是「l」的反舌音，「v」相當於英語的v或w，所以「va」被發音為wa或 va。</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">「ü」被稱為抑制音(niggah&atilde;ta)。此字被寫成「§」或「ü」，也以鼻音字「</font>ŋ<font face="Times New Roman">」表示。「ü」可用以代替五群中的鼻音，在其他子音前作鼻音，或用於語尾，但不做為單獨音置於語首。子音「ü」和「&iuml;」的發音並沒有差別。</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font>、<font face="Times New Roman">當子音「y」用於其他子音的後面時，則它被發音成「i」，例如：</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">「ney」</font>→<font face="Times New Roman">「nei」</font>；<font face="Times New Roman">「sey」</font>→<font face="Times New Roman">「sei」</font>；<font face="Times New Roman">「may」</font>→<font face="Times New Roman">「mai」</font></font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font>、雙<font face="Times New Roman">子音</font>：遇到一個詞當中有兩個子音連在一起時，兩個子音必須分開發音：前一個子音與它前面的母音一起發音，後面的子音與它後面的母音一起發音。例如：</font></p>
<p align="left"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">sa&iuml;gha=(sa&iuml;) +(gha)</font>；<font face="Times New Roman">kamma= (kam ) + (ma)</font>；<font face="Times New Roman">citta= (cit) + (ta)</font>；<font face="Times New Roman">tattha= (tat) + (tha)</font>；<font face="Times New Roman">labbhati = (lab ) + (bha) + (ti)</font></font></p>

回族佛教 发表于 2011-7-7 19:55:39

巴利语字母发音

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