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Jeremiah 8:8 and the Corruption of the Torah
Jeremiah 8:8 and the Corruption of the Torah
Muslims often appeal to Jeremiah 8:8 as proof that the Torah has been corrupted:
"How can you say, We are wise, for we have the law of the LORD, when
actually the lying pen of the scribes has handled it falsely?" Jeremiah 8:8
Several comments are in order. First, even if this passage were speaking about an
actual corruption of the text, this would only be referring to the copies that were in the
possession of the scribes. It wouldnt refer to all the copies that were in the hands
of others such as Daniel the prophet. More on this later. Secondly, Jeremiah was a prophet
of God, which means that he was receiving revelation from God. As such, Jeremiah would
have been quite capable of restoring the Torah to its true pristine form at the direct
orders of God, and hence nothing of the Torah could be corrupted! In fact, something
similar happened with Jeremiahs own revelation:
"In the fourth year of Jehoiakim son of Josiah king of Judah, this word came to
Jeremiah from the Lord: Take a scroll and write on it all the words I have spoken
to you concerning Israel, Judah and all the other nations from the time I began speaking
to you in the reign of Josiah till now. Perhaps when the people of Judah hear about
every disaster I plan to inflict on them, each of them will turn from his wicked way; then
I will forgive their wickedness and their sin. So Jeremiah called Baruch son of
Neriah, and while Jeremiah dictated all the words the Lord had spoken to him, Baruch wrote
them on the scroll. Then Jeremiah told Baruch, I am restricted; I cannot go to
the Lord 's temple. So you go to the house of the Lord on a day of fasting and read to the
people from the scroll the words of the Lord that you wrote as I dictated. Read them to
all the people of Judah who come in from their towns. Perhaps they will bring their
petition before the Lord, and each will turn from his wicked ways, for the anger and wrath
pronounced against this people by the Lord are great ... After they put the scroll
in the room of Elishama the secretary, they went to the king in the courtyard and reported
everything to him. The king sent Jehudi to get the scroll, and Jehudi brought it from the
room of Elishama the secretary and read it to the king and all the officials standing
beside him. It was the ninth month and the king was sitting in the winter apartment, with
a fire burning in the firepot in front of him. Whenever Jehudi had read three or four
columns of the scroll, the king cut them off with a scribe's knife and threw them into the
firepot, until the entire scroll was burned in the fire. The king and all his attendants
who heard all these words showed no fear, nor did they tear their clothes. Even though
Elnathan, Delaiah and Gemariah urged the king not to burn the scroll, he would not listen
to them. Instead, the king commanded Jerahmeel, a son of the king, Seraiah son of
Azriel and Shelemiah son of Abdeel to arrest Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet.
But the LORD had hidden them. After the king burned the scroll containing the words
that Baruch had written at Jeremiah's dictation, the word of the Lord came to
Jeremiah: Take another scroll and write on it all the words that were on the
first scroll, which Jehoiakim king of Judah burned up. Also tell Jehoiakim king of
Judah, This is what the Lord says: You burned that scroll and said, "Why did
you write on it that the king of Babylon would certainly come and destroy this land and
cut off both men and animals from it?" Therefore, this is what the Lord says about
Jehoiakim king of Judah: He will have no one to sit on the throne of David; his body will
be thrown out and exposed to the heat by day and the frost by night. I will punish him
and his children and his attendants for their wickedness; I will bring on them and those
living in Jerusalem and the people of Judah every disaster I pronounced against them,
because they have not listened. So Jeremiah took another scroll and gave it to
the scribe Baruch son of Neriah, and as Jeremiah dictated, Baruch wrote on it all the
words of the scroll that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire. And many similar
words were added to them." Jeremiah 36: 1-7, 20-32, 27-32
If God was capable of restoring the revelation given to Jeremiah after it had been
destroyed, then the same God would also have been capable of restoring the original Torah
and have his prophets record it! There was, however, no such corruption in the first place.
In fact, God promises to write his Law into the hearts of true believers:
"The time is coming, declares the LORD, when I will make a new
covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. It will not be like the
covenant I made with their forefathers when I took them by the hand to lead them out of
Egypt, because they broke my covenant, though I was a husband to them, declares the
LORD. This is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after that
time, declares the LORD. I will put my law in their minds and write it on
their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be my people. No longer will a man
teach his neighbor, or a man his brother, saying, "Know the LORD," because they
will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest, declares the LORD.
For I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more. This
is what the LORD says, he who appoints the sun to shine by day, who decrees the moon and
stars to shine by night, who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar- the LORD Almighty is
his name: Only if these decrees vanish from my sight, declares the
LORD, will the descendants of Israel ever cease to be a nation before me. This
is what the LORD says: Only if the heavens above can be measured and the foundations
of the earth below be searched out will I reject all the descendants of Israel because of
all they have done, declares the LORD." Jeremiah 31:31-37
Again, if God is able to write his Law within the hearts of true believers in order to
keep it, and insure that his decrees that govern creation cannot be undone, wouldnt
he also be able to preserve his written Law from corruption? In fact, if God wont
permit his decrees which govern creation from vanishing, then what makes someone think
that God will permit his written decrees to disappear? In the words of the Lord Jesus:
"I tell you the truth, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter,
not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until
everything is accomplished." Matthew 5:18
To show that Jeremiah wasnt claiming that the Torah of God was no longer
available in its pure pristine form, note what Jeremiah writes elsewhere:
"Say to them, This is what the LORD says: If you do not
listen to me and follow MY LAW, which I have set before you, and if you do
not listen to the words of my servants the prophets, whom I have sent to you again and
again (though you have not listened) then I will make this house like Shiloh and this city
an object of cursing among all the nations of the earth." Jeremiah 26:4-6
How could Israel follow the Law, i.e. the Torah, if it had been corrupted? This
presupposes that the Torah was uncorrupt and available during the time of Jeremiah.
Since Jeremiah wrote Jeremiah 8:8, who is more qualified than him to tell us the precise
meaning of the passage in question? The fact that Jeremiah appeals to the Law of Moses
throughout his book demonstrates that the Prophet did not believe that the scribes had corrupted
the actual text of the Torah.
Furthermore, other godly men also had copies of the Torah in their possession.
For instance, the prophet Daniel wrote:
"In the first year of Darius son of Xerxes (a Mede by descent), who was made ruler
over the Babylonian kingdom - in the first year of his reign, I, Daniel, understood from
the Scriptures, according to the word of the LORD given to Jeremiah the prophet, that
the desolation of Jerusalem would last seventy years. So I turned to the LORD and pleaded
with him in prayer and petition, in fasting, and in sackcloth and ashes." Daniel 9:1-3
Daniel is reading Jeremiah 25:11, 12 and 29:10 where God predicts that Israel would be
taken into captivity to Babylon for 70 years. After reading this, Daniel continues to pray
and says:
"Therefore the curses and sworn judgments WRITTEN IN THE LAW OF MOSES, the
servant of God, have been poured out on us, because we have sinned against you. You have
fulfilled the words spoken against us and against our rulers by bringing upon us great
disaster. Under the whole heaven nothing has ever been done like what has been done to
Jerusalem. JUST AS IT IS WRITTEN IN THE LAW OF MOSES, all this disaster has come
upon us, yet we have not sought the favor of the LORD our God by turning from our sins
and giving attention to your truth." Daniel 9:11b-13
In order for Daniel to appeal to what was written in the Law of Moses presumes that
there was an uncorrupt Torah available for reading. Furthermore, after having read
Jeremiah Daniel never concludes that the Torah had been corrupted, but appeals to it as
the inspired word of God. This would be a strange conclusion for Daniel to come to if
Jeremiah 8:8 indeed meant that the text of the Torah had been corrupted during Jeremiah's
time. Therefore, seeing that Daniel was a contemporary of Jeremiah and had an uncorrupt
copy of the Torah in his possession conclusively proves that the Torah existed in an
unadulterated form during Jeremiah's time.
Other prophets affirm that the book of Moses was still available during their day:
"They read from the Book of the Law of God, making it clear and giving
the meaning so that the people could understand what was being read ... On the second
day ... they gathered around Ezra the scribe to give attention to the words of the
Law. They found written in the Law, which the LORD had commanded through Moses,
that the Israelites were to ... Day after day, from the first day to the last, Ezra
read from the Book of the Law of God ..." Nehemiah 8:13-14,18
This occurred approximately 430 B.C., nearly 180 years after Jeremiah's temple address,
which took place in 609 or 608 B.C. (see Jeremiah 26:1). Again, in order for Ezra the
scribe to be able to both read from the Law of Moses and expound it presupposes that
a true, uncorrupt copy of the Torah was available at that time.
The Lord Jesus and his followers quoted from the Torah as we know it today and never
assumed that it was corrupt (cf. Matthew 4:4,7,10; 22:31-32; 1 Timothy 5:18).
Even Jeremiah's enemies knew that the Law could never disappear:
"They said, ‘Come, let's make plans against Jeremiah; for the teaching
of the law by the priest WILL NOT BE LOST, nor will counsel from the wise,
nor the word from the prophets. So come, let's attack him with our tongues and
pay no attention to anything he says.’" Jeremiah 18:18
In light of the preceding factors, the only plausible contextual meaning is that the
scribes were misleading the people either through their oral traditions and/or the writing
down of erroneous interpretations of the Law. A similar situation existed in the time of
the Lord Jesus Christ:
"Then some Pharisees and teachers of the law came to Jesus from Jerusalem and
asked, Why do your disciples break the tradition of the elders? They don't wash
their hands before they eat! Jesus replied, And why do you break the command
of God for the sake of your tradition? ... Thus you nullify the word of God
for the sake of your tradition. You hypocrites! Isaiah was right when he prophesied
about you: "these people honor me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me.
They worship me in vain; their teachings are but rules taught by men.""
Matthew 15:1-3,6b-9
It is therefore quite plausible that Jeremiah was rebuking the scribes for their
traditions that led people astray from the word of God. That this is the more plausible
meaning becomes evident in light of what immediately follows:
"The wise will be put to shame; they will be dismayed and trapped. Since they
have rejected the word of the LORD, what kind of wisdom do they have." Jeremiah 8:9
For a further discussion of the context in the book of Jeremiah, see the article
Understanding Jeremiah 8:8.
Finally, it may come as a shock to some but the Quran claims that there were
individuals who corrupted it:
"As we sent down (punishment) on the separatists who dismember the Qur'an."
S. 15:90-91 Palmer
"(Of just such wrath) as We sent down on those who divided (Scripture into
arbitrary parts), (So also on such) as have made Qur'an into shreds (as they
please)." A. Yusuf Ali
"So We sent it down on the partitioners, who have broken the Koran into
fragments." A.J. Arberry
"Like as We sent down on the dividers Those who made the Quran into shreds."
Shakir
"(such as We have sent down for the quibblers * who have torn the Quran
apart
)" T.B. Irving
"Such as We send down for those who make division, Those who break the Qur'an
into parts." M.M. Pickthall
"We will punish those who foster divisions, Who break up the Koran into parts:"
J.M. Rodwell
The late A. Yusuf Ali wrote:
"... The Meccan Pagans, in the early day of Islam, in order to dishonour
and ridicule the Qur-an, divided what was so far revealed, into bits, and apportioned
them to the people coming on pilgrimage to Mecca by different routes, slandering
and abusing the Apostle of God." (Ali, The Holy Qur'an Translation and
Commentary, p. 653, fn. 2014)
Scholar in Islamic studies Alphonse Mingana comments on this passage:
"Finally, if we understand correctly the following verse of Suratul-Hijr (xv. 90-91):
As we sent down upon (punished) the dividers (of the Scripture?) who broke
up the Koran into parts, we are tempted to state that even when the Prophet was
alive, some changes were noticed in the recital of certain verses of his sacred book.
There is nothing very surprising in this fact, since Muhammad could not read or write,
and was at the mercy of friends for the writing of his revelations, or, more frequently,
of some mercenary amanuenses." (Mingana, "Three Ancient Korans", The
Origins of the Koran - Classic Essays on Islams Holy Book, ed. by Ibn Warraq
[Prometheus Books, Amherst NY, 1998], p. 84; bold emphasis ours)
Mingana records the Muslim reaction to Uthman b. Affan's burning and wholesale
destruction of primary, competing Quranic codices:
"The book, drawn up by this method, continued to be authoritative and the standard
text till 29-30 A.H. under the caliphate of 'Uthman. At this time the wonderful
faithfulness of Arab memory was defective, and according to a general weakness of human
nature, the Believers have been heard reciting the verses of the Koran in a
different way. This fact was due specially, it is said, to the hundreds of dialects used
in Arabia. Zaid was again asked to put an end to these variations which had begun to
scandalize the votaries of the Prophet. That indefatigable compiler, assisted by three
men from the tribe of Quraish, started to do what he had already done more than fifteen
years before. The previous copies made from the first one written under Abu Bakr were
all destroyed by special order of the caliph: the revelation sent down from heaven was
one, and the book containing this revelation must be one. The critic remarks that the only
guarantee of the authenticity of the Koran is the testimony of Zaid; and for this reason,
a scholar who doubts whether a given word has been really used by Muhammad, or whether it
has been only employed by Zaid on his own authority, or on the meagre testimony of some
Arab reciters, does not transgress the strict laws of high criticism. If the memory of
the followers of the Prophet has been found defective from the year 15 to 30 A.H. when
Islam was proclaimed over all Arabia, why may it not have been defective from 612 to 632
C.E. when the Prophet was often obliged to defend his own life against terrible
aggressors? And if the first recension of Zaid contained always the actual words of
Muhammad, why was this compiler not content with re-establishing it in its entirety,
and why was the want of a new recension felt by 'Uthman? How can it be that in the
short space of fifteen years such wonderful variants could have crept into the few copies
preceding the reign of the third caliph that he found himself bound to destroy all
those he could find? If 'Uthman was certainly inspired only by religious purposes,
why did his enemies call him THE TEARER OF THE BOOKS and why did they fasten
on him the following stigma: He found the Korans many and left one; HE TORE UP
THE BOOK? ..." (Ibn Warraq, p. 84-85; bold and capital emphasis ours)
In conclusion, we saw that a careful examination of the context in Jeremiah shows
that the verse Jeremiah 8:8 does not speak of a textual corruption by the scribes that
left us only with a corrupted Torah. The Torah always was and continued to remain accessible.
The issue was severe misinterpretations.
The situation is different for the Qur'an. Serious disagreements led to a whole revision
of the Qur'an and a destruction of all evidence of what forms it had originally.
Sam Shamoun
Index to the Bible Commentary
Answering Islam Home Page