Chapter 63. Chapters on the Jizya and Truces
I: The Jizya and Truce with the people of the dhimma and the
people of war
Allah Almighty says, "Fight those of the people who were given the Book
who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day and do not forbid what Allah and
His Messenger have forbidden and do not take as their deen the deen of Truth,
until they pay the poll tax with their own hands in a state of complete
abasement," (9:29) meaning humbled. "Misery" (maskana) (2:61, 3:112)
is the verbal noun of "miserable". One says that so-and-so is more miserable
than so-and-so, meaning more in need. It is not derived from suk没n
(calmness).
What has come about taking the jizya from the Jews, Christians,
Magians and non-Arabs.
Ibn Abi Nujayh said, "I asked Mujahid, 'Why do the people of Syria have to
pay four dinars while the people of Yemen only pay one dinar?' He replied, 'That
was imposed according to wealth.'"
2987. It is related
that 'Umar was heard to say, "I was sitting with Jabir ibn Zayd and 'Amr ibn
Aws, and Bajala had related to them at the steps of Zamzam in 70 A.H., the year
in which Mus'ab ibn az-Zubayr went on hajj with the people of Basra. He
said, 'I was the scribe of Jaz' ibn Mu'awiya, the uncle of al-Ahnaf. A letter
reached us from 'Umar ibn al-Khattab a year before he died: "Separate every
marriage between forbidden degrees of the Magians." 'Umar did not take
jizya from the Magians until 'Abdu'r-Rahman ibn 'Awf testified that the
Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had taken it from
the Magians of Hajar.'"
[Hajar is in Bahrayn]
2988. It is related from 'Amr ibn 'Awf al-Ansari, who was an ally of the Banu
'Amir ibn Lu'ayy and who was present at Badr, that the Messenger of Allah, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, sent Abu 'Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah to Bahrayn
to collect their jizya. The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, had made a truce with the people of Bahrayn and appointed
al-'Ala' ibn al-Hadrami as their governor. Abu 'Ubayda brought the money from
Bahrayn and the Ansar heard of the arrival of Abu 'Ubadya which was at the time
of the Subh prayer with the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace. When he had prayed Fajr with them and finished, they presented
themselves before him and the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant
him peace, smiled when he saw them. He said, 'I think you must have heard that
Abu 'Ubayda has arrived with something?' They said, 'Yes, Messenger of Allah.'
He said, 'Rejoice, and hope for what will gladden you. By Allah, it is not
poverty that I fear for you, but I fear that this world will be spread out in
front of you as it was spread out in front of those before you, and then you
will vie for it as they vied for it, and it will destroy you as it destroyed
them.'"
2989. It is related that Jubayr ibn Hayya said, "'Umar sent people to the
regions of the great countries to fight the idolaters. Al-Hurmuzan became Muslim
and 'Umar said, 'I want to consult you about these expeditions.' He said, 'Yes,
the example of them and the enemies of the Muslims who are in them is like a
bird which has a head, two wings, and two legs. If one of its wings is broken,
it gets up on its legs with one wing and the head. If the other wing is broken,
it gets up on the two legs and the head. But if the head is broken, then the
legs, wings and head are gone. The head is Chosroes, the wing is Caesar and the
other wing is Faris. Therefore command the Muslims to make for Chosroes.'"
Jubayr ibn Hayya said, "So 'Umar detailed us and appointed an-Nu'man ibn
Muqarran over us. When we reached enemy territory, the agent of Chosroes came
out to us with forty thousand men. An interpreter stood up and said, 'Let a man
among you speak to me.' Al-Mughira said, 'Ask whatever you like.' He said, 'Who
are you?' He replied, 'We are people of the Arabs. We used to be in terrible
hardship and severe affliction. We would suck hides and date-stones out of
hunger and we wore camel hair and goat hair. We used to worship trees and
stones. While we were like that, the Lord of the heavens and the Lord of the
earths - may His mention be exalted and His immensity magnified! - sent us a
Prophet from among ourselves whose father and mother we knew. Our Prophet, the
Messenger of our Lord, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, has commanded us
to fight you until you worship Allah alone or pay the jizya. Out Prophet,
may Allah bless him and grant him peace, has informed us from the message of our
Lord: whoever of us is killed will go to the Garden in bliss whose like he has
never seen. Whoever of us remains will be your masters.'
"An-Nu'man said, 'If Allah had made you be present at the like of it with the
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, he would not have made you
regret waiting nor disgraced you. But I was present with the Messenger of Allah,
may Allah bless him and grant him peace, in the fighting, and when he did not
fight at the beginning of the day, he would wait until the winds blew and it was
time for the prayer.' [meaning when the day was cooler]"
[Faris was a region of Persia.
An-Nu'man's comments are in answer to al-Mughira's objection to the decision
to delay the attack.]
II: When the ruler concludes a truce with the King of a country, does that
hold for the rest of them?
2990. It is related that Abu Humayd as-Sa'idi said, "We went on an expedition
with the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, to Tabuk and the king
of Ayla gave the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, a while mule
and a cloak, and the Prophet wrote for him that he had authority over his land."
III: Instructions in regard to the people who have a covenant
(dhimma) with the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace
Dhimma is the covenant and ill means kinship (9:8,10).
2991. It is related that Juwayriya ibn Qudama at-Tamimi said, "I heard 'Umar
ibn al-Khattab. We had said to him, 'Instruct us, Amir al-Mu'minin!' He said, 'I
instruct you to fulfil the contract of the dhimma of Allah. It is the
dhimma of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace, and provision for your dependants.'"
IV: On the land grants that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace, made in Bahrayn and what he promised people out of the money and
jizya of Bahrayn. Among whom should the spoils and jizya be
distributed?
2992. It is related that Anas said, "The Prophet, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, summoned the Ansar to write out for them land in Bahrayn. They
said, 'No, by Allah, not unless you write out the like of it for our brothers of
Quraysh. He said, 'They will have that if Allah wills.' They spoke to him and he
said, "You will find self-seeking after I have gone, so be steadfast until you
meet me at the Basin."
2993. It is related that Jabir ibn 'Abdullah said, "The Messenger of Allah,
may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said to me, 'If the money from Bahrayn
comes to us, I will give you such-and-such.' The money from Bahrayn did not come
until after the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had died. When
the money of Bahrayn arrived, Abu Bakr said, 'Whoever has a promise from the
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, should come to us.' I came to
him and said, 'The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, told me "If
the money from Bahrayn comes to us, I will give you such-and-such."'. He said to
me, 'Scoop up,' and I scooped up. He said, 'Count it.' I counted them and there
were five hundred. He gave me one thousand five hundred."
2994. It is related that Anas said, "The Prophet, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, was brought some goods from Bahrayn. He said, "Lay them out in
the mosque.' It was the largest amount that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, had ever received. The Messenger of Allah, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, went out to the prayer and did not even
glance at them. When he finished the prayer, he came and sat down by them. He
gave something to everyone he saw. When al-'Abbas came to him, he said,
'Messenger of Allah, give some to me, for I ransomed myself and 'Aqil.'' He said
to him, 'Take some.' He filled up his garment and then tried to lift it but
could not. He said, 'Messenger of Allah, tell someone to help me lift it.' He
answered, 'No.' Then he asked, 'Then you help me lift it?' He said, 'No.' So he
discarded some of it and then tried to lift it again and said, 'Messenger of
Allah, tell one of them to help me lift it.' He replied, 'No.' He said, 'Then
you help me lift it?' He said, 'No.' So he discarded some more and hoisted it up
onto his shoulders and left. The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, continued to follow him with his eye until he disappeared from
view out of astonishment at his greed. The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless
him and grant him peace, did not get up until there was not a dirham of it
left."
V: The sin of someone who kills a person with a treaty without him having
commmitted a crime
2995. It is related from 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar that the Prophet, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, said, "Whoever kills someone with a treaty will
not experience the fragrance of the Garden although its fragrance can be
experienced at a distance of forty years."
VI: Expelling the Jews from the Arabian peninsula
'Umar said that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said,
"We will let you remain in that as long as Allah lets you remain there."
2996. It is related that Abu Hurayra said, "While we were in the mosque, the
Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, came out and said,
'Go to the Jews.' We went out until we came to the house of al-Midras. He said,
'Become Muslim and you will be safe. Know that the earth belongs to Allah and
His Messenger. I want to expel you from this land. Whoever of you has some
property should sell it. However, the earth belongs to Allah and His
Messenger.'"
2997. It is related from Sa'id ibn Jubayr that he heard Ibn 'Abbas saying,
"'Thursday! What is Thursday!'" and then he wept until his tears made the
pebbles wet. I said, 'Abu 'Abbas! What is it about Thursday!' He said, 'The
Prophet's pain became intense and he said, "Bring me a shoulder so that I may
write a document for you after which you will never go astray." They quarrelled,
although it is not proper to quarrel in the presence of a Prophet. They said,
"What is wrong with him? Is he delirious? Ask him." He said, "Leave me. That
which I am in is better than that to which you call me." He gave them three
commands and said, "Expel the idolaters from the Arabian peninsula, give gifts
to the delegations as I used to give them gifts."'" "The third was something
good which either he was silent about or which he said and I forgot." Sufyan
said that this is part of what Sulayman said.
VII: When the idolaters act with treachery towards the Muslims, can they
be forgiven?
2998. It is related that Abu Hurayra said, "When Khaybar was conquered, a
poisoned sheep was presented to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace. The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, 'Gather for
me all the Jews who are here.' They were gathered for him and he said, 'I am
going to ask you about something. Will you tell me the truth about it?' They
said, 'Yes.' The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said to them,
'Who is your father?' They replied, 'So-and-so.' He said, 'You have lied. Your
father is so-and-so.' They said, 'You spoke the truth.' He said, 'So now will
you tell me the truth about something if I ask you about it?' They answered,
'Yes, Abu'l-Qasim. If we lie, you will recognise our lie as you recognised it
regarding our father.' He asked them, 'Who are the people of the Fire?' They
said, 'We will be in it for a short time and then you will follow us in it.' The
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, 'May you be basely
driven into it! By Allah, we will never follow you in it!' Then he said, 'Will
you tell me the truth about something if I ask you about it?' They said, 'Yes,
Abu'l-Qasim.' He asked, 'Did you put poison in this sheep?' They said, 'Yes.' He
said, 'What made you do that?' They said, 'If you were a liar, then we would be
relieved of you. If you are a Prophet, then it would not harm you.'"
VIII: The ruler cursing those who have broken a treaty
2999. It is related that 'Asim said, "I asked Anas ibn Malik about the
qunut and he said, 'It is done before ruku'.'" He said, "Someone
claims that you said it was done after ruku'. He said, 'He lied.' Then he
related from the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace,
that he only did the qunut after ruku' for a month, in which he
made supplication against the tribes from the Banu Sulaym. He said, "He sent out
forty - or seventy (he was unsure about it) - reciters" to some people of the
idolaters. Those people attacked them and killed them, although there they had a
treaty with the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. I
have never seen him as grieved for anyone as he was for them.'"
IX: Offering of security and sanctuary by women
3000. It is related that Abu Murra, the mawla of Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib,
heard Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib say, "I went to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, in the year of the Conquest of Makka and found
him doing ghusl, with his daughter Fatima screening him. I greeted him
and he said, 'Who is this?' I said, 'It is Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib.' He said,
'Welcome, Umm Hani'.' When he finished his ghusl, he stood up and prayed
eight rak'ats wrapped in a single cloth. When he finished, I said,
'Messenger of Allah, my brother claims that he is going to kill a man to whom I
have given sanctuary. It is so-and-so, the son of Hubayra.' The Prophet, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, 'We give sanctuary to the one to whom
you have given sanctuary, Umm Hani'.'" Umm Hani' said that that happened in the
morning.
X: The dhimma and sanctuary of the Muslims is the same, and it is
effected by the lowest of them
3001. It is related that the father of Ibrahim at-Tamimi said, "'Ali
addressed us, saying, 'We have no book that we read but the Book of Allah and
this paper which contains [judgements about] wounds and the ages of camels:
"Madina is a sanctuary between 'A'ir to such-and-such a place. Whoever commits
an improper action in it or gives refuge to someone who commits improper
actions, on him is the curse of Allah, the angels and all people. Neither
repentance nor ransom will be accepted from him. Whoever accepts the
proctectorship of other than his masters will have the like of that curse. The
dhimma [covenant] of the Muslims is the same. Whoever breaks a Muslim's
covenant, on him is the like of that curse."'"
XI: When they say, "Saba'na" and do not say "We have become Muslim"
(aslamna) properly
Ibn 'Umar said, "Khalid began killing (them) and the Prophet, may Allah bless
him and grant him peace, said, 'O Allah, I declare myself innocent to You of
what Khalid has done.'"
'Umar said, "If someone says, 'Matras' [Persian for 'Do not fear'], he
is granting security. Allah knows all the tongues." He said, "Speak, there is no
harm." [Said to al-Hurmurzan and is said to grant security]
XII: Making peace and truces with the idolaters for money and other
things. The wrong action of someone who does not abide by the treaty.
The words of Allah, "If they incline to peace, incline to it as well."
(8:61)
3002. It is related that Sahl ibn Hathma al-Ansari said, "'Abdullah ibn Sahl
and Muhayyisa ibn Mas'ud ibn Zayd went to Khaybar at a time when there was a
truce. They parted and then Muhayyisa came upon 'Abdullah ibn Sahl, murdered and
covered in blood. He buried him and then went to Madina. Then 'Abdu'r-Rahman ibn
Sahl, and Muhayyisa and Huwayyisa, the sons of Mas'ud, went to the Prophet, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, and 'Abdu'r-Rahman began to speak. He said,
'The eldest, the eldest.' for he was the youngest of the people there. So he was
silent, and the two of them spoke. He said, 'Do you swear (to this) and demand
your right from the murderer - or your companion?' They asked, 'How can we swear
when we did not witness it or see it?' He said, 'Then the Jews can clear
themselves by fifty men taking an oath.' They said, 'How can you accept the
oaths of a people of unbelievers!' So the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant
him peace, himself paid the blood money.'"
XIII: The excellence of fulfilling the terms of a treaty
3003. It is related that 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas said that Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
informed him that Heraclius had sent a message to him while he was with a
Qurayshi caravan composed of merchants who were trading in Syria during the
period when the the Messenger of Allah , may Allah bless him and grant him
peace, had a truce with Abu Sufyan and the unbelievers of Quraysh.
XIV: Is a dhimmi pardoned when he practises magic?
Ibn Shihab was asked, "Is one of the people with a treaty killed if he
practises magic?" He answered, "It has reached us that that was done to the
Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, but he did not kill
the one who had done it, and he was one of the People of the Book."
3004. It is related from 'A'isha that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, was bewitched so that he imagined that he had done something
when he had not done it.
[That was Labid ibn al-A'sam.]
XV: Being on guard against treachery
The words of Allah Almighty, "If they intend to deceive you, Allah is
enough for you..." (8:62)
3005. It is related that 'Awf ibn Malik said, "I went to the Prophet, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, during the Tabuk expedition while he was in
a hide tent. He said, 'Count six signs before the Hour: my death, then the
conquest of Jerusalem, then a plague which will carry you off like the sheep
disease, then the increase of wealth so that a man will be given a hundred
dinars and remain displeased, then a civil war (fitna) which will not
fail to enter every house of the Arabs, and then a truce between you and the
Greeks who will act treacherously and come at you under eighty flags with twelve
thousand men under every flag.'"
XVI: How to revoke a treaty
The words of Allah, "If you fear treachery on a people's part, revoke your
treaty with them mutually...." (8:58)
3006. It is related that Abu Hurayra said, "Abu Bakr sent me with the callers
who announced at Mina on the Day of Sacrifice, 'No pagan is to make the hajj
after this year and no one is to do tawaf of the House naked.' The day of
the Greater Hajj is the Day of Sacrifice. It is called 'the greater" because
people say, 'the lesser Hajj.' So Abu Bakr revoked the treaty with people that
year, and so no pagan made hajj in the year of the Farewell Hajj in which the
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, made hajj."
XVII: The wrong action of someone who makes a treaty and then acts
treacherously
His words, "Those with whom you make a treaty and who then break it every
time. They are not godfearing." (8:56)
3007. It is related from 'Abdullah ibn 'Amr that the Messenger of Allah, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "If anyone has four characteristics,
he is [like] a pure hypocrite: whenever he speaks, he lies; whenever he is
trusted, he betrays his trust; when he makes an agreement, he breaks it; and
when he quarrels, he deviates from the truth and speaks falsely. Iif anyone has
one of them, he has an aspect of hypocrisy until he gives it up."
3008. It is related that 'Ali said, "We have nothing written down from the
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace,but the Qur'an and this paper.
The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: "Madina is a
sanctuary between 'A'ir to such-and-such a place. Whoever commits an improper
action in it or gives refuge to someone who commits improper actions, on him is
the curse of Allah, the angels and all people. Neither repentance nor ransom
will be accepted from him. The dhimma [covenant] of the Muslims is the
same, and it is effective by the lowest of them. Whoever breaks a Muslim's
covenant, on him is the curse of Allah, the angels and all people. Neither
repentance nor ransom will be accepted from him. Whoever accepts the
protectorship of a people without his masters's permission on him is the curse
of Allah, the angels and all people. Neither repentance nor ransom will be
accepted from him.'"
3009. It is related that Abu Hurayra remarked, "How will you be when you do
not collect either dinar or dirham?" He was asked, "How do you know that will
come about, Abu Hurayra?" He said, "By the One in Whose hand is the soul of Abu
Hurayra, from the words of the truth confirmed one." They asked, "What is that?"
He answered, "The dhimma of Allah and His Messenger will be violated and
so Allah, the Mighty and Exalted, will strengthen the hearts of the people of
the dhimma so that they refuse to pay what they owe."
3010. It is related that al-A'mash said, "I asked Abu Wa'il, 'Were you
present at Siffin?' He answered, 'Yes, and I heard Sahl ibn Hunayf say, "Have
doubts about your opinions! You should have seen me on the day of Abu Jandal! If
I had been able to defy the order of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant
him peace, I would have defied it. We did not remove our swords from our
shoulders for something which outraged us, and it was easier for us to recognise
(the good in it) which is not the case in this business of ours."'"
[Siffin was the battle between 'Ali and Mu'awiya. Sahl was criticised for his
lack of enthusiasm for the fight. Abu Jandal came to the Muslims in chains after
the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyya had been concluded, and was handed back to Quraysh
according to the terms of the treaty.]
3011. It is related that Abu Wa'il said, "We were at Siffin and Sahl ibn
Hunayf stood up and said, 'O people! Doubt yourselves! We were with the
Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, on the Day of
al-Hudaybiyya, and if we had thought it proper to fight, we would have fought.
'Umar ibn al-Khattab came and said, 'O Messenger of Allah, do we not have the
truth while our enemy have the false?' He said, 'Yes indeed.' He said, "Are not
our dead in the Garden while their dead are in the Fire?' He said, 'Yes indeed.'
He said, Then why do we concede humbleness in our deen? Will we go back
without Allah having judged between us and them?' He said, 'O Ibn al-Khattab, I
am the Messenger of Allah and He will never neglect me.' Then 'Umar went to Abu
Bakr and said to him the like of what he had said to the Prophet, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, and Abu Bakr said, 'He is the Messenger of Allah,
may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and He will never neglect him.' Then
Surat al-Fath (48) was sent down and the Messenger of Allah, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, read it to 'Umar to the end of it and 'Umar said,
'Messenger of Allah, was that the victory?' He said, 'Yes.'"
3012. It is related that Asma' bint Abi Bakr said, "My mother came to visit
me with her father during the period when Quraysh had a treaty with the
Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, while she was still
an idolater and I asked the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant
him peace, 'My mother has come to me, wanting something. Shall I give it to
her?' He replied, 'Yes. Give to your mother.'"
XVIII: A truce for three day or a specified period
3013. It is related that al-Bara' said, "When the Prophet, may Allah bless
him and grant him peace, wanted to go on 'umra, he sent to the people of
Makka to ask their permission to enter Makka. They made a stipulation that he
would only remain there for three days and that no one would enter it except
with weapons sheathed, and that he would not invite any of them [to Islam]." He
said, "So 'Ali ibn Abi Talib began to write the stipulations between them, and
he wrote, 'This is what Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him
and grant him peace, agrees to.' They said, 'If we knew that you were the
Messenger of Allah, we would not have prevented you and we would have offered
allegiance to you. Rather write, "This is Muhammad ibn 'Abdullah decides."' He
said, 'By Allah, I am Muhammad ibn 'Abdullah, and, by Allah, I am the Messenger
of Allah.' He did not write." He said, "So he said to 'Ali, 'Rub out "Messenger
of Allah".' 'Ali said, 'By Allah, I will never rub it out!' He said, 'Show it to
me.'" He said, "He showed it to him and the Prophet, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, rubbed it out with his hand. When he had entered Makka and the
days had passed, they went to 'Ali and said, 'Tell your companion to depart.' He
mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him
peace, and he said, 'Yes,' and then departed."
XIX: A truce without a specific time
The words of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, "We will
let you remain in that as long as Allah lets you remain there." (see 2213)
XX: Throwing the corpses of idolaters into a well and not taking any price
for them
3014. It is related that 'Abdullah said, "While the Messenger of Allah, may
Allah bless him and grant him peace, was in prostration, surrounded by some of
the idolaters of Quraysh, 'Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt brought the foetal membrance of a
young camel and threw it on the back of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace. He did not raise his head until Fatima came and removed it from
his back. Then he pronounced an invocation against those who had done that. The
Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, 'O Allah! Destroy the
council of Quraysh! O Allah, destroy Abu Jahl ibn Hisham, 'Utba ibn Rabi'a,
Shayba ibn Rabi'a, 'Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt, and Umayya ibn Khalaf! (or and Ubayy
ibn Khalaf)' I saw them killed on the day of Badr and they were thrown into the
well, except for Umayya or Ubayy. He was a fat man and when they dragged him,
his joints separated before he was thrown into the well."
XXI: The wrong action someone treacherous, whether he does that to a pious
or a corrupt person
3015. It is related from Anas that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant
him peace, said, "Every traitor will have a banner on the Day of Rising." One of
them said, "It will be fixed," and the other said, "It will be shown on the Day
of Rising so that he is recognised by it."
3016. It is related that Ibn 'Umar said, "I heard the Prophet, may Allah
bless him and grant him peace, say, 'Every traitor will have a banner fixed
because of his treachery.'"
3017. It is related that Ibn 'Abbas said, "On the day of the Conquest of
Makka, the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said,
'There is no more hijra, but there is jihad and intention. When
you are called to it then go.' He said on the day of the Conquest of Makka,
'Allah made this city inviolable on the day when he created the heavens and the
earth and it will be inviolable by Allah's sanctity until the Day of Rising.
Fighting was not lawful in it for anyone before me and it was only lawful for me
for one hour of one day. It will remain inviolable by Allah's sanctity until the
Day of Rising. Its thorns should not be cut, its game should not be chased and
something dropped should not be picked up except by someone who announces it and
its plants are not to be pulled up.' Al-'Abbas said, 'Messenger of Allah, apart
from the idhkhir herb for our goldsmiths and houses!' He said, 'Apart
from the idhkhir herb.'"